Discover our app

Best HMB Supplements For Muscle Growth & Recovery: Top Picks & Reviews

- Writen by: - Reviewed by April Edwards, MSc, PT Fact checked

Author's opinion

This article presents a subjective perspective on the topic, crafted by writers who specialize in medical writing. It may explore personal experiences with illness or medical conditions, compare products, discuss dietary considerations, or offer other health-related insights.

While the views expressed are those of the writer, they are grounded in their academic background and scientific research. A team of qualified medical experts fact-checks the content, ensuring its accuracy. The information is further supported by reputable sources linked within the article.

Each article is created without any external influence. When you use our provided links to buy products, we receive a commission as an affiliate. To understand how we generate revenue, please read our advertising disclaimer.

Fitness made for you

PT-designed routines and recipes.
Get real results without the high price tag.

It’s no secret that resistance training is a vital part of the muscle-building equation. Whether you’re trying to pack on muscle or lose fat, it provides the stimulus needed for the important muscle-building processes. However, maintaining or packing on muscle isn’t easy. A consistent, science-backed approach is needed for long-term success. 

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, or HMB, is gaining interest as a muscle-building supplement. Potential benefits include preserving lean muscle mass and improving recovery after exercise. But with ongoing debate surrounding its effectiveness, namely on body composition, choosing the correct HMB supplement is particularly important.

To help you optimize your different supplements for muscle growth, we’ve put together our five best HMB supplements. We’ve reviewed each one in detail, allowing you to choose the best HMB supplement for muscle gain. Alongside this, we’ve discussed the potential benefits, drawbacks, and when is the best time to take a HMB supplement.

What Are The Best HMB Supplements?

  1. Transparent Labs Creatine HMB – Editor’s Choice
  2. Jacked Factory Creatine HMB – Best HMB With Vitamin D
  3. Optimum Nutrition HMB Caps – Best HMB For Tested Athletes
  4. MuscleTech Clear Muscle HMB – Best HMB Capsules
  5. Bulk Supplements HMB – Best Budget HMB

5 Top HMB Supplements

Each of our five top HMB supplement reviews has been conducted with the help of our expert team at Endomondo. We’ve performed a detailed review process for each one, using the most important factors. Without further delay, these are our top five HMB supplements to consider taking in 2025.

*Medical Disclaimer — This HMB supplement guide is meant to be informative and should not replace qualified medical advice. Furthermore, the opinions presented within this guide are not meant to replace qualified medical advice. 

If you have any questions about HMB supplements, speak to a qualified healthcare professional. This may include a primary care doctor or dietitian who can offer detailed recommendations and support.

Transparent Labs Creatine HMB

  • Uses HMB and creatine monohydrate for muscle building and recovery.
  • Available in a 30-serving, 60-serving, or travel pack size.
  • Has 13 flavor options, including unflavored.
  • More expensive than other HMB options.

Check Price

See Details

If you’re looking for a multi-purpose HMB from a well-respected brand, the Transparent Labs Creatine HMB is an excellent option. It contains three main ingredients that have been paired together to support muscle-building and recovery. Because of this, it’s got our editor’s choice award.

Each serving contains 1.5 grams of calcium HMB, 5 grams of creatine monohydrate, and 5 milligrams of black pepper. Each one is included in the scientifically backed doses when two servings are taken. However, consuming 10 grams of creatine monohydrate may cause minor side effects.

With two daily servings, this puts the price per serving at USD 3.33. While this is on the high end, you could have one daily serving with a good natural HMB intake. This would bring the price per serving down to USD 1.66.

Another huge selling point is the number of available flavors and tub sizes. Transparent Labs has given you two normal tub sizes and a handy travel pack. Furthermore, you have 13 flavors to choose from, which include unflavored.

As is the case with all Transparent Labs supplements, their Creatine HMB is third-party tested, with certificates of analysis provided. Even with the extra cost, you’re getting a high-quality supplement offering multiple benefits. It’s one of our top HMB supplements for muscle retention and muscle gain.

FormHMB per serving (g)Other notable ingredientsServing sizeThird-party tested
Powder1.5 gramsCreaine Monohydrate (5 grams), Bioperine Black Pepper Extract (5 milligrams)7 gramsYes
Transparent Labs Creatine HMB Details

Jacked Factory Creatine HMB

  • Contains several added ingredients to support muscle growth and recovery.
  • Comes in a 30-serving, 80-serving, or 200-serving tub.
  • Made in a Certified Good Manufacturing Practice or c-GMP facility.
  • Only available as an unflavored powder.
  • No mention of third-party testing.

Check Price

See Details

The Jacked Factory Creatine HMB supplement is designed as an HMB for protein synthesis. The main ingredients are calcium HMB, creatine monohydrate, vitamin D, and calcium. This gives you a versatile HMB to support muscle-building, recovery, and muscular contractions.

Each serving contains 1.5 grams of calcium HMB and 5 grams of creatine monohydrate as the main ingredients. With enough natural HMB intake, this puts them at the scientifically backed doses. With this, the price per serving comes out at USD 1.50.

While these are great features, the Jacked Factory Creatine HMB has a few drawbacks. Firstly, no third-party testing means that it’s not suitable for tested athletes. Furthermore, while you have three tub sizes, you only have the unflavored option available, which limits your potential uses. 

Overall, it’s a well-designed supplement that would be on par with our top choice if third-party testing and flavors were included. It gets our best HMB with vitamin D award.

FormHMB per serving (g)Other notable ingredientsServing sizeThird-party tested
Powder1.5 gramsCreatine HCL
Vitamin D
Calcium
7 gramsN/A
Jacked Factory Creatine HMB Details

Optimum Nutrition HMB Caps

  • 3 grams of calcium HMB per serving.
  • Free from unnecessary fillers or additives.
  • Third-party tested, making it suitable for performance athletes.
  • Not suitable for those who don’t like capsules.

Check Price

See Details

When choosing an Optimum Nutrition supplement, you’re getting something from a well-respected brand with years of industry experience. All of the brand supplements are Informed Sport certified, making them ideal for tested athletes. We’ve given these HMB Caps our best HMB for tested athletes award.

Each three-capsule serving contains 3 grams of calcium HMB. When taken in three small doses, this puts it at the science-backed daily intake. While it contains no added ingredients, you have a simple and effective HMB option for your muscle-building needs. Furthermore, each serving costs just USD 1.33, offering you excellent value for money.

As a capsule formulation, it contains no unnecessary fillers or additives. However, it does use gelatin capsules, which makes it unsuitable for vegetarians and vegans. Optimum Nutrition has kept things simple with the tub sizes by offering a 90-serving option. Future formulations would benefit by giving you the option to purchase in bulk. 

Overall, the Optimum Nutrition Caps offer a simple but well-formulated HMB option. If you’re looking for a basic HMB supplement that can be taken on the go, this ticks all the boxes.

FormHMB per serving (g)Other notable ingredientsServing sizeThird-party tested
Capsules3 gramsNone3 capsulesYes
Optimum Nutrition HMB Caps Details

MuscleTech Clear Muscle HMB

  • The fast-acting liquid pills offer an improved absorption rate.
  • Added Betaine Anhydrous for muscle growth and recovery.
  • Uses natural flavors instead of artificial ones.
  • No mention of third-party testing.
  • You need to swallow three pills to get the daily serving.

Check Price

See Details

The MuscleTech Clear Muscle HMB Capsules use a liquid fatty acid–HMB capsule formulation. The brand states that this offers faster absorption rates and more effective results. Alongside this, they’ve included 250 milligrams of betaine anhydrous to support body recomposition. This process involves losing body fat while gaining muscle mass.

While we’re unsure of the validity behind their capsule claims, the capsules contain two key muscle-building ingredients. Therefore, we’ve given them our best HMB capsules award. 

Looking at the main ingredients, each three-capsule serving contains 3 grams of fatty acid-HMB and 750 milligrams of betaine anhydrous. This gives you the science-backed HMB dose and about half of the suggested betaine dose. Each serving comes out at USD 1.79.

Each tub contains 84 liquid soft gels, giving you less than one month’s supply. Therefore, you’ll need to purchase multiple tubs to get enough capsules for the month, which we find quite strange. Furthermore, there is no mention of third-party testing on the product page. Because of this, you should be careful as a tested athlete.

Overall, they’re a great HMB capsule option if you’re looking for something with added betaine and possibly faster absorption rates. If you can get past the lack of third-party testing and tub size, the MuscleTech capsules have a lot to offer.

FormHMB per serving (g)Other notable ingredientsServing sizeThird-party tested
Capsules1 gramBetaine Anhydrous3 gramsN/A
MuscleTech Clear Muscle HMB Details

Bulk Supplements HMB

  • Added calcium for muscle function and bone health.
  • The price per serving offers excellent value for money.
  • Comes in a large range of serving sizes, including a huge 25 kilogram version.
  • Only available in an unflavored version.

Check Price

See Details

True to its name, Bulk Supplements offers simple supplement formulations in huge pouch sizes. Furthermore, the brand prides itself on including third-party testing with each of its well-priced products. These are the main selling points of its HMB offering. 

Each half-teaspoon serving contains 825 milligrams of calcium-HMB. This gives you nearly 2.5 grams of your daily intake when taking three small doses. While this is just under the scientifically backed amount, it should be enough with sufficient natural HMB intake. Furthermore, you have 465 milligrams of added calcium to support muscle building and bone health.

As we mentioned above, Bulk Supplements offers a huge range of pouch sizes at great prices. Their pouch sizes range from 250 grams to a whopping 25 kilograms. With the smaller pouch, this gives you around 83 days of HMB supply. In terms of price per serving, this comes out at USD 0.26, which gives you amazing value for money.

Overall, the Bulk Supplements HMB offers a simple powder formulation at an amazing price with great third-party testing. It gets our Best Budget HMB award.

FormHMB per serving (g)Other notable ingredientsServing sizeThird-party tested
Powder825 milligramsCalcium1 gramYes
Bulk Supplements HMB Details

How We Chose The Best HMB Supplementations 

With so many different HMB supplements on the market, choosing the right one for your needs isn’t easy. These are the main factors we considered when choosing the five HMB supplements above.

Form

HMB supplements are available in several forms. The three main ones are powders, capsules, and tablets. Choosing the right one depends on your lifestyle and exercise needs.

If you want to mix the HMB with other supplements, a powder form is best. If you’re looking to take your HMB on the go, opt for tablets or capsules. However, remember that the powder forms will offer more customization in terms of dosing.

Dosage

As stated above, the suggested daily HMB dosage is 3 grams per day. This is the dose commonly used in scientific research, which has shown potential beneficial effects.

Look for an HMB supplement that contains a minimum of 3 grams of HMB per serving. This means that you’re getting the suggested amount that can potentially give the desired benefits. 

Quality And Purity 

HMB should be the main ingredient in high-quality HMB supplements. As part of this, it should be free from unnecessary fillers and additives. Make sure it doesn’t use a proprietary blend, as you won’t be able to tell if the brand has included the research-backed dose. When a brand uses this, it means that it has chosen not to disclose the different ingredient quantities. 

Additional Ingredients

Additional ingredients refer to those added alongside HMB to improve the overall supplement quality and potential beneficial effects. Common ones used alongside HMB include creatine, vitamin D, and BCAAs. When looking at HMB vs. BCAAs, both may support muscle growth and recovery when taken together. 

Read the ingredient list on each HMB supplement to see if it includes added ingredients. Consider if the added ingredients are needed for your exercise goals while factoring in the extra cost. 

Third-Party Testing 

It’s important to remember that supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration or FDA. This means that brands don’t necessarily need to state what’s in their supplements or control the formulations. 

If an HMB supplement is third-party tested, it means that it’s been examined by an independent laboratory. During the testing process, the laboratory will check for ingredient quality and quantity, often publishing certificates of analysis. 

Look for an HMB supplement that has been third-party tested. This should be stated on the tub or the product page. In some cases, the brands may also disclose the certificates of analysis.

Price

Price shouldn’t be the main consideration. However, you need to make sure that the HMB supplement you choose fits within your budget. 

Compare the price points of each supplement to the quality and unique offerings. This should help you determine which ones offer value for money by comparing the most important factors listed above. 

HMB Supplement Benefits

best hmb supplements
HMB offers many potential benefits. Photo: drobotdean/Freepik

HMB is naturally produced following the breakdown of leucine. This is an amino acid thought crucial for muscle-building processes, which may support muscle growth and recovery.

However, the amount of HMB naturally produced is relatively small. Therefore, supplementation may help improve physical performance and recovery. This is especially important when paired with resistance training. 

With this, here are the main suggested HMB supplement benefits. It’s important to note that HMB research is still inconclusive, with some studies suggesting no effect. 

It May Improve Muscle-Building And Strength 

Building muscle and improving strength requires a sufficient training stimulus and well-organized dietary intake. This should be designed to promote protein synthesis, also known as muscle building, while limiting muscle breakdown.

HMB is made during the breakdown of leucine. Therefore, supplementation may stimulate protein synthesis while reducing muscle protein breakdown. Leucine is a key driver of the mTOR pathway, a muscle-building sequence that controls cell growth and metabolism. 

With this, using HMB for muscle growth and strength may be a good idea. It may be used alongside other muscle strength supplements as part of your supplement stack. 

It May Support Body Recomposition 

Body recomposition refers to an increase in lean muscle mass while reducing fat mass at the same time. This is a common goal for individuals looking to optimize their health and performance. 

During periods of caloric restriction (eating fewer calories than you use), HMB may help preserve lean mass. However, it’s important to note that more research is needed to confirm this. That said, using HMB for lean mass preservation may help support body recomposition.

It May Benefit Recovery After Exercise

Intense bouts of exercise cause muscle damage, soreness, and general discomfort. During this time, reductions in mobility and performance can be seen without the proper supporting nutrition.

HMB has been suggested to reduce common markers of muscle damage following exercise, such as creatine kinase. Furthermore, it seems to reduce delayed onset muscle soreness or DOMS. 

With this, recreational gym goers and athletes may notice a reduced recovery time with HMB supplementation. Using HMB for endurance activities and resistance training may therefore be beneficial.

It May Help Older Adults With Muscle-Wasting Conditions 

Age-related muscle loss can lead to a decrease in strength and mobility, both of which negatively impact quality of life. This is especially important in older adults who naturally have less mobility and function.

HMB may help support muscle maintenance in common muscle-wasting conditions. It’s thought to help due to its effect on the rate of muscle protein breakdown. This may improve mobility and enhance the quality of life in older adults.

Potential Drawbacks Of HMB

HMB is generally considered safe to use when taken in the recommended dose. Most studies have shown no adverse side effects. However, the added ingredients in HMB may cause potential side effects. The main ones to consider are creatine and vitamin D. 

The added creatine commonly used in HMB supplements may cause weight gain. This is something to bear in mind if you compete in weight-category sports. Previous studies suggested mild side effects such as dizziness, muscle cramps, and dehydration. However, these have now been shown to be untrue. 

Furthermore, creatine doesn’t always lead to water retention and weight gain. However, you should consult a healthcare professional if you’re unsure about taking HMB with added creatine. Also, if you want to take creatine on its own, check out our best creatine supplements article.

Vitamin D is another ingredient commonly added to HMB. Taking this above the recommended doses may lead to chronically elevated calcium levels. This is especially important when taking HMB-Ca. The potential side effects of high vitamin D intake include:

  • Vomiting.
  • Nausea.
  • Dehydration.
  • Kidney Failure (Extremely Rare).
  • Irregular Heartbeat (Extremely Rare).

If you’re unsure about any of the suggested side effects above, you must consult a qualified professional. They will be able to check for underlying conditions and assess your suitability.

Who Should Use HMB Supplement

The most promising HMB benefit currently supported by some research is its ability to retain muscle mass. With this, it may be best utilized in the following populations.

Bodybuilders And Strength Training Athletes

Bodybuilders and strength training athletes typically engage in frequent high-intensity resistance training. Their main focus is on muscular hypertrophy or muscle gain and maximal strength gains. Part of this may be dedicated to phases of intense caloric restriction to reduce fat while preserving muscle mass.

The suggested benefits of HMB include a reduction in muscle protein breakdown and increased recovery. This is particularly beneficial for active individuals, like bodybuilders and strength training athletes, engaging in a high volume of exercise. Therefore, HMB for bodybuilding and strength training may be suggested. 

Older Adults

Sarcopenia is generally seen as the aging process takes place. It’s estimated to affect 10%–16% of the elderly worldwide. It refers to a decrease in muscle mass as function declines and muscle-building processes slow. 

The potential ability of HMB to slow or reduce muscle protein breakdown makes it a key focus area for these older adults. It may be used alongside a suitable resistance training program to reduce the possible decrease in muscle mass with age. With this, older adults may particularly benefit from supplementation. 

Individuals With Muscle-Wasting Conditions 

Chronic muscle-wasting conditions cause a significant loss of muscle mass due to the illness itself or the associated symptoms. Common examples include cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In most cases, these can result in cachexia, which is a metabolic condition causing rapid loss of muscle mass. 

As stated above, HMB workout supplements may support muscle gain and prevent muscle breakdown. Alongside this, they may improve markers of muscle recovery and with it, mobility and function. Because of this, HMB may be useful for those with muscle-wasting conditions to support muscle preservation. However, more studies are still needed to draw final conclusions.

How To Take HMB

best hmb supplements
Know how to take HMB supplementation. Photo: benzoix/Freepik

HMB should be taken daily at 3 grams per day, which is the main dose suggested throughout the scientific literature. This should be split into smaller 1-gram doses that can be taken around training. This is suggested to help maintain stable blood HMB levels throughout the day. 

For example, HMB could be taken as follows on a training day:

  • 1 gram morning dose. 
  • 1 gram pre-workout dose. 
  • 1 gram evening dose. 

An HMB loading phase can be used to quickly saturate your body’s HMB stores. Following this, the 3-gram maintenance dose should be taken. The suitability of this depends on the individual and the timeframe in which the beneficial effects are desired. 

HMB has a bitter, sour taste, meaning it’s best taken with a flavored drink or mixed with other supplements. Suitable options include protein powders, pre-workouts, and fruit juices. Taking them in the capsule form can be a great idea if you don’t like the taste and don’t want to mix the HMB powder.

Conclusion

HMB supplementation may help to promote muscle building, reduce muscle loss, and enhance recovery. While promising research exists, scientific literature showing definitive conclusions is lacking.

If you do choose to take HMB, the five options above are excellent choices. Each of them is designed to offer something slightly different, which is reflected in the award we’ve given. Use the reviews as a general guide, taking note of our main considerations to make a good, informed decision.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which brand of HMB is best?

The best HMB brand depends on your goals and preferences. Consider the brand reputation, HMB formulation, customer service, and value for money. Compare the different brands using these points to find the best one.

What is the best form of HMB to take?

HMB is commonly taken in a powder or capsule form. The best form to use depends on your requirements and needs. Choose HMB powder if you want to mix it with other supplements, or capsules if you’re traveling.

What is the best source of HMB?

The two main sources are calcium salt or HMB-Ca, and free acid or HMB-Fa. While there’s not much evidence to suggest a definitive difference, HMB-Ca is the most commonly used in research. Take HMB-Ca if you want more scientific backing.

How much HMB should I take daily?

HMB is considered safe to use with minimal risk of adverse side effects. The International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends 84 milligrams per pound of body weight per day. Most studies suggest a daily dose of 3 grams.

Is HMB hard on the kidneys?

Generally speaking, HMB is considered not to be hard on the kidneys when taken using the recommended dose. It’s often used in individuals with kidney issues, but hasn’t shown potential benefits.

Resources

Endomondo.com refrains from utilizing tertiary references. We uphold stringent sourcing criteria and depend on peer-reviewed studies and academic research conducted by medical associations and institutions. For more detailed insights, you can explore further by reading our editorial process.

  1. Holeček, M. (2017). Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle‐wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle, [online] 8(4), pp.529–541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12208.
  2. Rojas, J., Silver, T., Antonio, J. and Peacock, C. (2022). The Effects of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate on Body Composition in Trained MMA Fighters. Research Directs in Strength and Performance, [online] 2(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2022.10532.
  3. Silva, V.R., Belozo, F.L., Micheletti, T.O., Conrado, M., Stout, J.R., Pimentel, G.D. and Gonzalez, A.M. (2017). β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review. Nutrition Research, [online] 45, pp.1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.008.
  4. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. (2017). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.1186//s12970-017-0173-z.
  5. Barthélémy Delecroix, Abd Elbasset Abaïdia, Leduc, C., Dawson, B. and Dupont, G. (2017). Curcumin and Piperine Supplementation and Recovery Following Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, [online] 16(1), p.147. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5358025/.
  6. Center (2025). Facts About the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP). [online] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/pharmaceutical-quality-resources/facts-about-current-good-manufacturing-practice-cgmp.
  7. Dzik, K.P. and Kaczor, J.J. (2019). Mechanisms of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function: oxidative stress, energy metabolism and anabolic state. European Journal of Applied Physiology, [online] 119(4), pp.825–839. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04104-x.
  8. Eichner, A.K., Coyles, J., Fedoruk, M., Maxey, T.D., Lenaghan, R.A., Novitzky, J., Lindsey, A.T. and Deuster, P.A. (2019). Essential Features of Third-Party Certification Programs for Dietary Supplements: A Consensus Statement. Current Sports Medicine Reports, [online] 18(5), pp.178–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000595.
  9. Wetestyoutrust.com. (2022). Sports Supplements Certification | Informed Sport. [online] Available at: https://sport.wetestyoutrust.com/.
  10. J. Alipal, N.A.S. Mohd Pu’ad, Lee, T.C., N.H.M Nayan, N. Sahari, H. Basri, Idris, M.I. and Abdullah, H.Z. (2021). A review of gelatin: Properties, sources, process, applications, and commercialisation. Materials Today Proceedings, [online] 42, pp.240–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.922.
  11. Van, D.W., Plotkin, D.L., Delcastillo, K., Cholewa, J. and Schoenfeld, B.J. (2021). Betaine Supplementation: A Critical Review of Its Efficacy for Improving Muscle Strength, Power, and Body Composition. Strength and conditioning journal, [online] 43(4), pp.53–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000622.
  12. Grzegorz Nikrandt and Agata Chmurzynska (2024). Decoding betaine: A critical analysis of therapeutic potential vs. marketing hype — a narrative review. Journal of Nutrition. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.030.
  13. Plantz, M.A. and Bittar, K. (2024). Dietary Calcium and Supplementation. [online] Nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549792/ [Accessed 24 Apr. 2025].
  14. Tu, M.K., Levin, J.B., Hamilton, A.M. and Borodinsky, L.N. (2016). Calcium signaling in skeletal muscle development, maintenance and regeneration. Cell Calcium, [online] 59(2-3), pp.91–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2016.02.005.
  15. Rathmacher, J.A., Pitchford, L.M., Khoo, P., Angus, H., Lang, J., Lowry, K., Ruby, C., Krajek, A.C., Fuller, J.C. and Sharp, R.L. (2020). Long-term Effects of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Muscular Function in Older Adults With and Without Resistance Training: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, [online] 75(11), pp.2089–2097. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa218.
  16. Golonka, R.M., Yeoh, B.S. and Matam Vijay-Kumar (2019). Dietary Additives and Supplements Revisited: the Fewer, the Safer for Gut and Liver Health. Current Pharmacology Reports, [online] 5(4), pp.303–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-019-00187-4.
  17. Saldanha, L.G., Dwyer, J.T., Hardy, C.J. and MacKay, D.J. (2023). Perspectives on the Use of Proprietary Blends in Dietary Supplements. The Journal of Nutrition, [online] 153(5), pp.1305–1308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.035.
  18. Kreider, R.B. and Stout, J.R. (2021). Creatine in Health and Disease. Nutrients, [online] 13(2), pp.447–447. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020447.
  19. Office (2025). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [online] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/.
  20. Vento, K.A. and Floris Cornelis Wardenaar (2020). Third-Party Testing Nutritional Supplement Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use Among an NCAA I Collegiate Student-Athlete Population. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, [online] 2. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00115.
  21. Kaczka, P., Michalczyk, M.M., Jastrząb, R., Gawelczyk, M. and Kubicka, K. (2019). Mechanism of Action and the Effect of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Different Types of Physical Performance – A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics, [online] 68(1), pp.211–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0070.
  22. Ely, I.A., Phillips, B.E., Smith, K., Wilkinson, D.J., Piasecki, M., Breen, L., Larsen, M.S. and Atherton, P.J. (2023). A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clinical Nutrition, [online] 42(10), pp.1849–1865. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010.
  23. Mcleod, J.C., Currier, B.S., Lowisz, C.V. and Phillips, S.M. (2024). The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults: An umbrella review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, [online] 13(1), pp.47–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.005.
  24. Holeček, M. (2017). Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle‐wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, [online] 8(4), pp.529–541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12208.
  25. Rehman, S.U., Ali, R., Zhang, H., Zafar, M.H. and Wang, M. (2023). Research progress in the role and mechanism of Leucine in regulating animal growth and development. Frontiers in Physiology, [online] 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1252089.
  26. Bonilla, D.A., Petro, J.L., Cannataro, R., Kreider, R.B. and Stout, J.R. (2024). Editorial: New insights and advances in body recomposition. Frontiers in Nutrition, [online] 11. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1467406.
  27. Holland, B.M., Roberts, B.M., Krieger, J.W. and Schoenfeld, B.J. (2019). Does HMB Enhance Body Composition in Athletes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, [online] 36(2), pp.585–592. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003461.
  28. Two and Four Weeks of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementations Reduce Muscle Damage Following Eccentric Contractions. (2019). Journal of the American College of Nutrition. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.1080//07315724.2018.1528905.
  29. Feng, Y., Chen, P., Li, T., Wan, P. and Shi, R. (2024). Effects of exercise with or without β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in patients with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, [online] 11. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1460133.
  30. Zhou, S., Liu, G., Wang, Z., Lei, Z., Chen, W. and Wang, C. (2025). Physiological Benefits, Applications, and Future Directions of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) in Food and Health Industries. Foods, [online] 14(8), p.1294. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14081294.
  31. Kreider, R.B., Kalman, D.S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., Candow, D.G., Kleiner, S.M., Almada, A.L. and Lopez, H.L. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, [online] 14(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z.
  32. Asif, A. and Farooq, N. (2023). Vitamin D Toxicity. [online] Nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557876/.
  33. Hackett, D.A. (2021). Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male Bodybuilders Across Training Phases. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, [online] 36(4), pp.963–970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003989.
  34. Krzysztofik, M., Wilk, M., Wojdała, G. and Gołaś, A. (2019). Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review of Advanced Resistance Training Techniques and Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [online] 16(24), p.4897. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244897.
  35. Holeček, M. (2017). Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle‐wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, [online] 8(4), pp.529–541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12208.
  36. Yuan, S. and Larsson, S.C. (2023). Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism, [online] 144, p.155533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533.
  37. Oktaviana, J., Zanker, J., Vogrin, S. and Duque, G. (2019). The Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) on Sarcopenia and Functional Frailty in Older Persons: A Systematic Review. The Journal of nutrition, health and aging, [online] 23(2), pp.145–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1153-y.
  38. Furrer, R. and Handschin, C. (2019). Muscle Wasting Diseases: Novel Targets and Treatments. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, [online] 59(1), pp.315–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021041.
  39. Rogers, J.B., Syed, K. and Minteer, J.F. (2023). Cachexia. [online] Nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470208/.
  40. Holeček, M. (2017). Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle‐wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, [online] 8(4), pp.529–541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12208.
  41. Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Jeszka, J. and Tomasz Podgórski (2017). The Effect of a 12-Week Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Highly-Trained Combat Sports Athletes: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Nutrients, [online] 9(7), pp.753–753. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070753.
  42. Bideshki, M., Behzadi, M., Jamali, M., Jamilian, P., Zarezadeh, M. and Gargari, B. (2025). Ergogenic Benefits of β‐Hydroxy‐β‐Methyl Butyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Body Composition and Muscle Strength: An Umbrella Review of Meta‐Analyses. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, [online] 16(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13671.
  43. International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). (2025). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.1080//15502783.2024.2434734.
  44. Fitschen, P.J., Biruete, A., Jeong, J. and Wilund, K.R. (2016). Efficacy of beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International, [online] 21(1), pp.107–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12440.

About the Author

Chris is a seasoned health and wellness writer with a passion for empowering individuals to achieve optimal health and well-being through making meaningful lifestyle changes. He aims to use his background in fitness training and nutrition to deliver evidence-based, informative content to educate and inspire others. Alongside health and wellness.. See more

0 Comments

Cancel

Download App For Free!

Join thousands starting their fitness journey with expert guidance, personalized plans – No fees, no limits, just results!

Download now and start achieving your fitness goals for free!

Feedback

Help us rate this article

Thank you for your feedback

Keep in touch to see our improvement

0
    Your Cart
    Your cart is emptyReturn to Shop